Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Poverties and exclusion in a global world - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Poverties and exclusion in a global world. Answer: Introduction Social welfare not only the standard of living but also it focuses on the quality of life in a country. Reduction of level of crime, drug use and availability of the social services are the major parts of social welfare. In order to help the vulnerable people, social welfare plays an important role and it will enhance the standard of living in a country (Tobo 2017). Reduction of poverty and development of the housing facility are the other positive aspects of social welfare. This assignment deals with the development of social welfare from the 19th century to onward. Analysis of the development of the social welfare from the historical perspective According to the historical perspectives of the social welfare development, it has been received that most of the social welfare development in the world has occurred since 1980. However, a major transformation took place since the 19th century. The technological development and the economic globalization have altered the political environment of a country and nature of the work in a country (Pfau-Effinger 2017). In Britain Liberal party has launched in 1906. Such liberal government implemented many welfare policies in order to improve the condition of old, young and working people. However, in the previous time enhancement of ethnic and racial minorities is a major problem of the society that needs to be improved. In the recent years, this problem is not mitigated properly. On the other hand, the unpredictable issue such as HIV or AIDS is a major social concern of every country in the previous time. From the 19th century, the social welfare development took place by an introduction of different social works. One of the major aspects of the social welfare development is the analysis of the long-term impact of the war and poverty on a particular region. Enhancement of the income level and standard of living was another aspect of the social welfare (Tobo 2017). On the other hand, enhancement of the human capital was a potential step of the social welfare committee. Significant progress of the social work and the social welfare had been taken place between the years 1950 to 1980. Due to the world war, the government provided significant effort to the development of the social work in various countries. Between the years 1700 to 1800 the housing policy for the homeless people was introduced however, this was not implemented effectively. The people who were homeless in that time were recognized by the government and were given support. However, in that particular time the government was not specific strategy to make housing for the vulnerable people. In 19th century this housing process of homeless people gets into progress. First international conference of social work was held in 1928 in Paris. This welfare influenced the industrialists to establish social service school in UK. This had encouraged the business owners to take part actively in the social welfare development. In these schools, the women were graduated to carry out the social work. In the year, 1946 public agencies were developed to maximize the social service in UK. Since this year, many countries of UK started not only to understand social service but also the organization process of it (Iychettira et al. 2017). However, poverty level was a big issue in UK since 19th century. On the other hand, Brexit is another big reason of poverty. Hence, to reduce such poverty issues in UK, development of social policy takes place to support the venerable individuals. Many social agencies are developed to support the people and to improve the economic state of the country. In the year 1997 the government has taken the poverty issue and the social exc lusion in UK very seriously. Labor government tax and benefit reforms have an important role to reduce the child poverty. Apart from this tax benefit is more progressive to identify the poverty level and to reduce it effectively in UK (Jrf.org.uk 2018) In the context of UK like other demographic countries, this country has been facing large demographic and social changes. According to the historical data, it has been received that the women were facing challenges in the labor market. However, discrimination was very high with the women in the labor market and there was no support from the state. Hence, social development had been taken place since the 19th century in this country (Vampa 2017). Hence, social welfare development includes enhancement of the old growth, reduction of the birth rate and establishment of the women protection. On the other hand, new policies were introduced for the social development. However, the UK government has given their concern towards the improvement of education, health and employment program in this country. Analysis of the different attitudes and views of the welfare reforms since 19thC Welfare reform refers to the government attitude in order to change the policies in a particular region or country (Dotter and Klasen 2017). The main aim of this reform is to reduce the dependency of the people on the government assistance and make them self-independent. As per the primary data based on the news article it has been found that in the 19th century there was no old age pension in the UK. This was the policy of UK. However, the reformers had shown a negative attitude towards this policy as it had increased the poverty level. This policy left a negative impact on the people as the in a family the main wage earner died or failed to work then the entire family faced a terrible poverty (Bbc.co.uk 2017). Hence, the social survey had changed the popular opinion over the cause of the poverty. This survey report helped to change the way of government reform. Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree were two major investigators who highlighted the exact causes of the poverty in EU citi es. According to the Elizabethan Poor Law 1601, outdoor relief is considered as the poor relief However, as per this law assistance is given to the poor people in terms of money, food, clothing and goods (Szreter et al. 2016). This law was passed in 1601 however; the law is successfully applied in 19th century. The developer or follower of the social policy maintain the concept of this law till the 19th century and the relief is provided to the people by providing them financial support. The concept of this law was developed in 1601 but its application is made in 19th century by incorporating of social policy with this law. Different agencies give relief to the people who below poverty level by providing them food, cloth and money. According to the secondary data, UK includes vulnerable people who are below the poverty level. Hence, the attitudes of the people in the society towards the vulnerable people were not same. In the 19th century, the Liberal government came into the position and took necessary actions to help the people to reduce poverty and unemployment (Kazepov and Ranci 2017). This action was supported by the reformers properly. However, this government had adopted a policy to help the poor and old people those were unemployed. In the year 1908 old aged pension the Liberal government had introduced old aged pension and it became a law in the year 1909. There was a criticism towards this Act as a smaller amount was given to the old aged people, which was too small to meet their needs. On the other hand, many people were died before getting the pension that was a major drawback of such social welfare. In the year 1970 government allowed the local authority to arrange a free meal for the school children in UK. On the other hand, social reformers blamed the poverty due to emerging crime among the young generation (Bbc.co.uk 2017). Based on this in 1908 juvenile court was established and this reform made restriction in the use of cigarette and alcohol for the children who were below 16 years age. On the other hand, social reformers criticized that the children were unable to get a free meal during the holiday as a result their health was decorated and growth became slow. Based on such problem a free medical checkup was established in school in the year 1912. Thomas Mattius was liberal party politician and associated with the social welfare. However, he had a great contribution in the social welfare. He was associated with the charity and provided outdoor relief to the vulnerable people through this charity. Analysis the concept of absolute poverty, relative poverty, and need Need refers to the necessary something for the human being to live a healthy life. Need is closely associated with the want or it can be said that want is derived from need. In the context of need if deficiency occurs then it results in an adverse effect on the human being (Burrell and Morgan 2017). Basic needs include air, food, and safety. Besides the basic needs, people have some social needs that ensure their safety in a society. Social need includes financial security, which is a big concern of today's life. Absolute poverty highlights a condition while an individual fails to income a minimum amount to meet their basic requirement. However, if people live in an absolute poverty then their life can be affected. The major causes of absolute poverty are an increase of world population, social conflicts, and natural disasters. On the other hand, child labor is a major factor of absolute poverty. Relative poverty refers to the condition while the individuals are unable to income mini mum amount to maintain the average standard of their lifestyle. People who are under relative poverty fail to keep the social standard that is selected by the society. Possible causes of the relative poverty are poor health, lack of education, marginalization, and lack of education (Dotter and Klasen 2017). Hence, social welfare development is necessary to meet the needs of the people and reduce the poverty level in a country. The impact of limited resources on the States ability to set priorities. There are many reasons behind the inability of the State to deal with the problem of poverty existing in the society. This happens because of several reasons. The State often is unable to allocate its resources in a proper manner (Bhalla and Lapeyre 2016). Though the State often formulates several agencies to support the poor and develop their condition these policies somehow fail to upgrade the financial or the economic stability of the poor. One of the major reasons is the misuse of funds. Though the State of the Government often receives plenty of funds they are unable to set their priorities right and use it for the development of the poor. Often the developmental measures taken by the State are any superficial and then it fails to help the poor (Duggan 2014. One of the major problems is the unequal distribution of wealth-The government often invests the funds for developing the schools, colleges, and universities to educate people and increase the employment opportunities in order to develop the economic condition of people. However, this investment is done only in the urban or the city areas and the rural regions remain untouched. The poor people usually live in the remote regions where they suffer from lack of proper educational facilities. The State often fails to invest money in setting up sufficient amount of rural educational facilities. Speaking in this context, the risk of poverty in UK is 5.1% higher than in Europe (Turkington et al 2017). The percentage is about 24.8%. A majority of the population in UK lives below the poverty line in poorly furnishes homes and in the deprived families. The State is unable to extend its funds to these poor families. Though the State often spends significant funds on subsidies for electricity, f uels, and fertilizers the net result is not at all beneficial for the poor people because the officials handling this sector are usually corrupt and take undue advantage for making personal gains (Bertolini et al 2017). Evaluation of the impact of limited resources on the States ability to set priorities. Child labor One of the major problems faced by the UK is child labor. This is one of the major and extreme consequences of poverty in UK (Bradshaw 2016). The increasing number of child labor in UK also is the proof of the fact that there is inequality in the distribution of wealth. The income inequality in UK gives rise to the utter poverty. As a result of this the average income of the families is also very less. It is due to this poverty that the families are unable to procure enough food for them. It is because of this utter poverty that those families are forced to send their children to work. Those families cannot even afford to send their children to school (Townsend 2014). This is also very natural because when they are suffering from utter hunger they cannot even think of giving their child proper education. The only thing that they are concerned about is satisfying their hunger. The state is unable to send sufficient financial help in the rural regions for these issues (Andr and Godin 2 014). Even if some health centers and schools are set up for promoting good health and educational opportunities, they ultimately go out of order and cannot render proper service to the users. So, the women and the children keep on sinking in utter poverty. Poor condition of women and children Women and children living in the remote regions are doubly dominated in UK. This is because there are cases of high discrimination among men and women based on their gender. It is high time that the State must take several measures to deal with this problem. This has been observed in the professional fields where men are always given more priority than women (Knotz and Lindvall 2015). However in this context it must be noted that the effect of this discrimination is even more severe in the rural regions where women are always denied the opportunities of education and employment. They are not only kept confined within the domestic spheres but are also denied proper heath and medical facilities (Townsend 2014). The state often tries to take measures for helping the women and the children living in the poor remote regions by setting up proper educational and health facilities it often goes out of maintenance and can no longer be used by the women and the children in need. Hence it is ne eded that the State starts adopting several measures in order to uplift the condition of the poor people in general and that of women and children in particular (Knotz and Lindvall 2015). Pensioners sinking in poverty Another major problem is the lack of sufficient resources for the pension holders. The rate of poverty has increased considerably over the years especially among children and the pensioners. The wok environments are not suitable for the elderly people and they also suffer from disrespect and lack of sufficient economic support (Bhalla and Lapeyre 2016). The State often suffers from lack of sufficient resources to support the pension holders and the children. There are often problems in the setting of the priorities. State must take sufficient measures to allocate their resources properly and invest them for eradicating chances of poverty (Bochel 2014). The post war period had left all the people in huge trauma. People were suffering from epidemic plagues, lack of educational and employment opportunities (Bradshaw 2016). The soldiers who had served in the wars were injured and were left disabled. They were also suffering from economic and social problems. Hence several policies were formulated for creating a welfare state in UK. Analysis of the post war development of social welfare within the context wider issues affecting society. British economic policy As employment had become one of the major problems, the British economic policy was passed in the year 1944 which mainly aimed at providing full employment for all the people (Knotz and Lindvall 2015). The unemployment Insurance Act was passed which extended in giving insurance to about 20million of workers. The post war period also saw the birth of welfare state and several acts were passed for improving the health and safety of the workers like the Accident Insurance was passed that provided insurance to the agricultural workers (Bochel 2014). There was also an extension made in the act that would provide insurance to all the male and female workers under 70 years of age and it would also cover the financial expenses of those people who were suffering from unemployment Working People Act Policy Labor exchanges were set up in the year 1909 that would enable the unemployed people find jobs for themselves and earn their livelihood. In the year 1911 the National Insurance Act was passed which provided free health and medical facilities to the war victims. It would also provide a sick pay of 10 shillings to all the diseased people (Bhalla and Lapeyre 2016). Housing Policy One of the major post war consequences was housing problem. There were several people suffering from the lack of proper housing facilities. Hence, the State started taking measures to provide houses to the millions of homeless war victims (Bhalla and Lapeyre 2016). Once again when the State could arrange for sufficient funds and civil construction workers, it took proper steps to undertake the construction of houses. A new project called the New Towns project was undertaken that tried to solve this problem of the lack of affordable houses for the homeless people. However it did not provide sufficient amount of housing units As a result of this the conservatives wanted to make a change and constructed about 2.5million new housing units (McCrone and Stephens 2017). Pension policy The State took sufficient measures to improve the conditions of the pension holders. The State took efforts to increase the average pay in the pensions of the old people. Apart from this, they also tried to extend the average retirement age of the people. In the year 1908, the State made a law as per which the average age of retirement for the old and elderly people were extended till seventy years (Mishra 2014). Various governments have come into the position in UK at different time and they have major contribution in social welfare. As for example, Margaret Thatcher was the prime minister of UK in 1979 after winning the general election. She has taken educational policy to contribute more in the social welfare. She had focused on the controlling the unemployment. Tony Blair became the prime minister of UK in 1997. He has increased the public spending in health and education. This was the major policy of such leader. In order to reduce the poverty he has expanded the social welfare state. Implementation of the Adult basic skill achievement was an important policy of such leader. Next the David Cameron came into the prime minister position in the year 2010. He had introduced Health and Social Care Act 2012, which has a significant contribution in the social welfare state. He focused on providing the social housing support to the hard working people who are unable to manage shelter for them (M cCrone and Stephens 2017). Conclusion Thereby, it can be concluded that the post war period had left several people in a state of trauma. They were left homeless and jobless. There was a huge sea of poverty that engulfed down all the people one by one. Hence, it was during this period that the State started implementing several acts and policies in order to develop the conditions of these war victims. Efforts like proper health and medical facilities, educational facilities, housing facilities were being extended to the war victims. However over the years, the State has become corrupt and is unable to properly allocate their resources. As a result of this, the problem of poverty is remaining unchecked. So, the State has to become much more alert and state its priorities right and allocate their resources by keeping in mind the interests of the poor. References Andr, G. and Godin, M., 2014. Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC).Childhood,21(2), pp.161-174. Bbc.co.uk. 2017.Impact of Liberal reforms. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/impact_lib/revision/1/ [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017]. Bbc.co.uk. 2017.Motives of Liberal reforms. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/motives_lib/revision/1/ [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017]. Bertolini, P., Pisano, E., Sivini, S. and Scaramuzzi, S. 2017.POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL AREAS. [ebook] European Commission, pp.199-238. Available at: https://file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/rural_poverty_annex_it_en.pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2017]. Bhalla, A.S. and Lapeyre, F., 2016.Poverty and exclusion in a global world. Springer. Bhalla, A.S. and Lapeyre, F., 2016.Poverty and exclusion in a global world. Springer. Bochel, H., 2014.Social policy. Routledge. Bradshaw, J. ed., 2016.The Wellbeing of Children in the UK. Policy Press. Burrell, G. and Morgan, G., 2017.Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge. Cohen, S., 2014.From immigration controls to welfare controls. Routledge. 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